Potential formation of nitrosamines under acidic conditions, ingestion toxicity at high levels, methemoglobinemia risk in infants, contamination risk in drinking water

Chloride
3.2 mg/L

Supports electrolyte balance, acid-base homeostasis, and proper nerve and muscle function

Silica
39 mg/L

Prevents clumping, improves texture and flow in powders

Sodium
5 mg/L

Essential electrolyte, supports nerve transmission, aids fluid balance

Sulfate
4.3 mg/L

Effective cleansing and foaming agent in personal care products

Calcium
5.3 mg/L

Supports bone strength, muscle function, nerve signaling, vascular health

Magnesium
2.7 mg/L

Supports muscle and nerve function, contributes to bone health, involved in enzymatic reactions

Potassium
1.9 mg/L

Supports electrolyte balance, helps regulate blood pressure, essential for nerve and muscle function

Water source

Lava rock aquifer on the Mauna Loa Volcano

Treatment process

Unknown

TDS

pH

7.35

Sources

Hawaii Volcanic Water Quality Report 2023

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Contaminants

Ingredients & minerals

Nitrate (as NO₃⁻–N)4xlimit

Chloride3.2 mg/L

Silica39 mg/L

Sodium5 mg/L

Sulfate4.3 mg/L

Calcium5.3 mg/L

Magnesium2.7 mg/L

Potassium1.9 mg/L